Poetry Analysis of Limbo, Blessing and Half Caste Essay

Poetry Analysis of Limbo, Blessing and Half Caste I have chosen four different poems of which come from varying cultural backgrounds and have a moral. I will now explain how the writers present their ideas and give the readers an insight into different cultures. Limbo is a poem, which shows us the feelings of slaves on slave ships written by Edward Kamau. This poem tells the story of slavery in a rhyming, rhythmic dance. It is ambitious and complex. There are two narratives running in parallel, which are, the actions of the dance, andthe history of the people, which is being enacted. The poem shows a lot of repetition of phrases such as Limbo Limbo like me, Limbo Limbo like me. This†¦show more content†¦From my own knowledge I know that a specific Christianity belief is that the word Limbo means a place between heaven and hell. This is where souls go and this is a very unpleasant place, which is difficult to escape, so the writer may be referring Limbo to be the unpleasant place between heaven and hell and not just a dance. John Agard: Half-Caste The poem half-caste develops a simple idea of the phrase Half Caste and gives the ironic suggestion of things only being half present. The writer opens the poem with a joke like half-caste is only like half made and the speaker stands on one leg as if the other is not there. Agard ridicules the term by showing how the greatest artists mix things - Picasso mixes the colours, and Tchaikovsky use the black and white keys in his piano symphonies, yet to call their art half-caste seems silly. The writer playfully points out how Englands weather is always a mix of light and shadow - leading to a very weak pun on half-caste and overcast (clouded over). The joke about one leg is recalled later in the poem, this time by suggesting that the half-caste uses only half of ear and eye, and offers half a hand to shake, leading to the absurdities of dreaming half a dream and

Essay on The Key to Great Sex is Communication - 1019 Words

You wait by the cash register in the checkout line of Shop Rite. As you pore over the contents of your cart, you confirm that you have all the items you need. You wait for your turn to check out, when your eyes wander to a nearby rack of colorful magazines. They read in big, bold letters, â€Å"10 Sex Secrets You Need To Know,† â€Å"7 Tips For Great Sex!† They look trashy, but you are intrigued nonetheless by the prospect of learning new, hidden secrets for better sex. You do not pick up the magazines to look through them, but you cannot help but wonder what secrets they hold. A good deal of those magazines actually say that the key to great sex is communication. According to The Cosmopolitan, communication allows partners to check what†¦show more content†¦How do you have sex correctly? Does sex feel good? How can you make it feel good? When is the right time to have sex? All these questions whirl about in the students young mind. The teacher enters the room, ready with an abstinence-only lesson plan. In a swift, unified motion, the teacher dispels all inquiries from the students mind by telling him that he should not have sex before he is married, lest he ruin his whole life. The Guttmacher Institute approximates that 75% of American middle schools and 87% of American high schools teach abstinence-only curricula as meager substitutes for sexual education. Despite the prominence of abstinence-only education in America, CBS News reports that 90% of Americans have premarital sex. The student scratches his head, left to grope around in the dark with his unanswered questions. His teacher has told him not to have sex before he marries, but chances lend themselves to the probability that he will have sex before he marries. He will not know what to do when the time comes, and when the time does come, he still may not know what to do, or how to communicate wi th his partner about his feelings. According to the Guttmacher Institute, the student is likely to turn to his parents, his peers, or the media for answers. However, parents are likely to give misleading information about sex to teenagers. DoctoralShow MoreRelatedSexual Relationships With Sex And Healthy Relationships1218 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeated communications about sex, sexuality, and development with their parents, are more likely to have an open and closer relationships with them, in addition to being more likely to talk with their parents in the future about sex issues than adolescents whose sexual communication with their parents included less repetition (Lagina, 2008). The goal of creating the group called Healthy Sexual Relationships is to foster beneficial dialogues with parents and child that teach the youth about sex and healthyRead MoreHugh Hefner Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesHugh Hefner was an extraordinary innovator, entrepreneur and revolutionist. 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AnotherRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Should Be Taught1240 Words   |  5 PagesUNDERSTANDING IS NOT ONLY THE BASIS OF OUR FAMILIES BUT OF OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AS WELL.† SMITH REFERS TO THE INADEQUATE SEXUAL EDUCATION OF TEENAGERS IN AMERICA. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexuality, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and optionsRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Workplace Norms898 Words   |  4 Pagespeople behave are known as workpla ce values, workplace norms, and workplace artifacts. Understanding organizational culture changes how people act in the public workplace. People would behave around coworkers, and supervisors. The interpersonal communication used to talk to the person spouse will be different from how the person will talk to their supervisor. As stated in the textbook, when someone joins an organization, that person becomes socialized into the culture through formal and informal encounterRead MoreOn The Parchment Of Bias928 Words   |  4 Pagesby President John F. Kennedy, which prohibited employers from discriminating against employees on the ground of sex with respect to the terms of compensation. The following year, Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination in employment on the basis of sex, among other grounds. Males, as well as females, have been granted protection against sex discrimination. Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 400 U.S. 542 (1971), was a United States Supreme Court caseRead MoreIntimate Relationships And Sexual Relationships1196 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful relationships from a young age. In order to have a satisfying and inclusive relationship basic physical and emotional needs should be met. The Catholic Church and Society both agree that healthy relationships are characterised by open communication, negotiation, respect, high levels of trust and love. Catholics view love as an act of will, devotion, unselfishness and sacrifice. Catholics belief that â€Å"God is love† (1 John 1:18) not only loving or a lover. They believe that love is God’s essence

Proposal for business plan project

Question: Discuss about the Proposal for business plan project. Answer: Introduction It is a business plan proposal developed for Ain commercial foundation. The business idea is inspired by a YouTube video (I JUST SUED THE SCHOOL SYSTEM.) This video is about a person who sued the modern schooling system. Nodoushan (2014) stated that, in the last century, everything has improved from cars to phones, except schools. In this video, the person has accused the schooling system of destroying creativity of kids. For this reason, a business plan has been developed to customize the modern education system. In this business plan proposal, the purpose and objectives of the research will be provided. In the literature review section, the four modalities of learning styles will be discussed, which is linked to the business proposal. Finally, the project detail for this business plan will be analyzed. Research purpose Sahlgren (2013) stated that, in the last decade, everything has been modified except the education system. Most of the countries all over the world, had not changed their education classes or teaching styles. Sak?z (2016) argued that, the present schooling system believes that two brains are same and one size can fit all. Hence, it burns the creativity of kids and reduces their capability. This education system prepares kids for past but not for future. Nodoushan (2014) mentioned that, the modern education system provides training to kids to work in factory, not as a leader. This education system treats students like robot zombies. Hence, this research work had been developed to understand the difference between two brains and their different needs. This research work will help to depict, why it is essential to modify the existing education system. It is required to understand that every kid has different needs and different dreams (Yassin and Almasri 2015). Hence, the schooling system has to treat them differently. In this research work, it will also be discussed that as all responsible citizens of a country has the duty to customize their healthcare, car and Facebook pages, they also have the duty to upgrade the schooling system to secure the future of their kids. Hence, the main purpose of this research work is to develop a business plan that can modify the education system so that it can bring the spirit out of every kid. The education system will no longer ask fishes to climb trees. Research objectives: The major objectives of this research work are such as: To assess the pros and cons of the existing education system of Saudi Arabia To analyze the effectiveness of different YouTube cartoons, fun, educational videos and game products on new generation students of Saudi Arabia To develop a business plan that can customize the existing education system of Saudi Arabia Literature review Learning styles of people: The four modalities Whillier et al. (2014) stated that the tangible or practical aspect of teaching philosophy is the process in which teachers help every student to learn. According to Sahlgren (2013), development of differentiated instruction is the most significant thing that teachers can do to reach more of their students. Appealing to different modalities is one of the most significant ways to appeal to students who learn and understand in different ways. These four modalities are mentioned below: Visual preferences For student who have visual preferences: The want teachers to provide demonstrations They find it easier to learn through descriptions They often try to organize words with the help of sights They often take help of lists to keep up and organize their thoughts These type of students often remember faces but forget their names Arbuthnott and Krtzig (2015) stated that these type of students are easily distracted by movements and actions within a class There are roughly 60% students in Saudi Arabia, who are visual learner (Bol et al. 2015). Auditory Preference For student who have auditory preferences These students want teachers to provide verbal instructions They remember names but forget faces They prefer to learn in quite places as noise can distract them (Sak?z 2016). They enjoy discussion, dialogues and plays. Tactile Preference For student who have tactile preferences They perform best when they take note during a lecture or learning something new (Yassin and Almasri 2015). These type of students prefer particle activities like lab works, projects and demonstrations They like to doodle or draw to remember something important. Kinesthetic Preference For student who have kinesthetic preferences These type students perform well, when they are active or involved They are not able to remember much what is said during lecture (Howard et al. 2015). Bol et al. (2015) stated that, these types of students are not able to concentrate, if they are asked to sit and read. Arbuthnott and Krtzig (2015) mentioned that most of the children are kinesthetic and they become tactile during their first grade. Project details (scope) A business plan had been provided below to customize the existing education system of Saudi Arabia. This business plan consists of three major stages. However, the submitted business plan will only be at the first stage. First stage : Development of a small to medium size company named "Ain commercial foundation." The company will make the profit through YouTube cartoons and fun educational videos for kids. Some of these videos are free for followers while for some of these videos followers have to pay fees. The company will also sell its game products in bookstores and in its online stores. We well provide products for standard children and others to the gifted children . we think that it is our responsibility to make them all gifted , If the company can achieve this target of products, then the next level will begin. A Product example ( first stage ) A Product example of what Ain Company will provide and sell to people for a math subject to the 6th-grade student class. Math class for the 6th grade Math for the 6 grade ( standard student ) Second semester First semester test 3 test 2 test 1 test 3 test 2 test 1 carton movie3 carton movie2 carton movie1 carton movie3 carton movie2 carton movie1 exercises movie 3 exercises movie 2 exercises movie 1 exercises movie 3 exercises movie 2 exercises movie 1 play station game homework scours 3 play station game homework scours2 play station game homework scours1 play station game homework scours 3 play station game homework scours2 play station game homework scours 1 painting shortcut 3 painting shortcut 2 painting shortcut 1 painting shortcut 3 painting shortcut 2 painting shortcut 1 cards game in class 3 cards game in class 2 cards game in class 1 cards game in class 3 cards game in class 2 cards game in class 1 a song shortcut3 a song shortcut2 a song shortcut 1 a song shortcut 3 a song shortcut2 a song shortcut 1 dancing shortcut3 dancing shortcut2 dancing shortcut 1 dancing shortcut 3 dancing shortcut 2 dancing shortcut 1 3d shortcut 3 3d shortcut 2 3d shortcut 1 3d shortcut 3 3d shortcut 2 3d shortcut 1 puzzles3 puzzles2 puzzles1 puzzles3 puzzles2 puzzles1 shortcut coloring book 3 shortcut coloring book 2 shortcut coloring book 1 shortcut coloring book 3 shortcut coloring book 2 shortcut coloring book 1 Second stage: In the next stage, the company will develop a contract with one of the Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia or Emirates or Qatar how aver have the interest to fund our new strategys in school system and apply it in their schools, in this stage we will develop the same ideas of products in the first stage but in a larger funding. We will give a great value investing in people with high sense of humor, famous singers, actors, football players to increase the attraction of educational videos, plus a whole new level of new strategies. Some examples for the second stage strategy: We can Use various methods to work on the subconscious mind of the students, such as we can provide positive hidden messages in videos, paintings. Teachers role will be more of a coaching, monitoring role than teaching, however we will develop a system where the interest of teachers meets the students to develop the best of student abilitys, a system that gives that teacher a 4% percentage of what that child will gain for number of years if he could affect the child life successfully. In a fair situation for the child, we believe that every under level learner has in the other side a great gift that needs to be discovered her coms the teacher role ,make them goes to the extent of their abilities . Training the brain classes which will contain all updated new techniques to increase the abilities of the brain like photo reading. A privet Constitution in every school with a court where we could develop the child Free critical thinking and sense of justice with an open door for creativity ,the student could change the school constitution if what he a claim make sense or sue anything he does not fell that it is fear in school policy , they will be jury's contains 6 teachers and 6 children in every school. Consternation on modern life language ( 3d printing , graphics , animation carton , web site designing and contorting , programming , software , apps). Increasing social abilities, spreading values of cooperation instead of competition by increasing the understanding of psychology knowledge. we think that our products well make learning so easy that they well have a lot of extra time that we will invest in what aver the child would decide without effecting has grads this is a free self-learning process that they could choose ,schools should proved a big screen internet class that is in direct contact with Vocational Institutes, Technical institutes, Industrial institutes, free universities like Kahan university, self-education style to learn their hopes. Give great value for body, mind and soul health , they will constraint on meditation , yoga , Reflexology, exercise , sole philosophy , understanding Quran in a new why that will affect all of their daily actions , free healthy food in schools ,detox class , alternative food medicine like herbs knowledge , hair analysis that shows high and low vitamins and minerals for every child with a special a food plan to the individual. Program called children national production, where kids can make money but could not use it unless their 18 years old. A direct internet access between the ministry of education and every student where they cloud get special offers and where all kids be monitored with a plan to every student alone depending on the students interest., they could up loud new strategies and sections, and they could be secret employs Monitoring the jobs that is needed in the country and advertising what they think is wanted in the future so children will some how be guided Third stage: Redo the same strategy more efficiently to all the gulf countrys with a bigger funding and with the new experience provided from feedback line to help us change the content of the education books and afterward do the same for all Arab countries. References Arbuthnott, K.D. and Krtzig, G.P., 2015. Effective Teaching: Sensory Learning Styles versus General Memory Processes 1. Comprehensive Psychology, 4, pp.06-IT. Bol, N., van Weert, J.C., de Haes, H.C., Loos, E.F. and Smets, E.M., 2015. The effect of modality and narration style on recall of online health information: results from a Web-based experiment. Journal of medical Internet research, 17(4), p.e104. Howard, L.W., Tang, T.L.P. and Austin, M.J., 2015. Teaching critical thinking skills: Ability, motivation, intervention, and the Pygmalion effect. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), pp.133-147. Nodoushan, M.A.S., 2014. Cognitive versus learning styles: Emergence of the Ideal Education Model (IEM). i-Manager's Journal on Educational Psychology, 8(2), p.31. Sahlgren, G.H., 2013. Incentivising Excellence: School Choice and Education Equality. Centre for Market Reform in Education. Sak?z, H., 2016. Ability, Examination and Inclusive Education: Stretching the Hard Lines of the Educational System. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 5(1), pp.65-75. Whillier, S., Lystad, R.P., Abi-Arrange, D., McPhie, C., Johnston, S., Williams, C. and Rice, M., 2014. The learning style preferences of chiropractic students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 28(1), pp.21-27. Yassin, B.M., and Almasri, M.A., 2015. How to Accommodate Different Learning Styles in the Same Classroom: Analysis of Theories and Methods of Learning Styles. Canadian Social Science, 11(3), p.26.

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay Example

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay An opprobrious, compelling and ruling behaviour in a dating relationship among the teenage childs is termed as dating force. Students susceptible to dating force suffer greatly in footings of their academic public presentation, societal and extra-curricular activities. They may demo hapless consequences and isolate themselves from co-workers and friends. They may demo deficiency of involvement in extra-curricular activities. All these activities are consequences of hapless mental wellness. Such pupils have a profound consequence on their mind due to being exposed to some sort of in-home force in their childhood. They exhibit anger direction upsets and have a history of aggressive or active attitude. An even greater effect of dating force may be self-destructions ( Maryland School Mental Health Alliance ) . Background There may be several classs in dating force like sexual, emotional, psychological or electronic. Physical force may affect forcing, crushing or catching one s spouse. Psychological force comprises of commanding behaviours like forestalling him or her to affect with other people while electronic force is the name-calling or strong-arming through texting. A latest study has revealed that psychological and physical maltreatment is a common facet of dating among the American childs. Among 1400 7th class pupils being interviewed by the research workers showed that about 37 % of 11-14 twelvemonth olds had been susceptible to some type of psychological force while about one sixth had experienced physical force during an ongoing relationship. About three-fourth of pupils had a fellow or a girlfriend during their in-between school. The study provided a figure of conditions related to dating force. Among the pupils being surveyed, there was a big figure who believed that it is all right to hit one s girlfriend. A moderate figure of them had undergone sexual torment through physical or verbal agencies by touching in a incorrect manner or by jesting ( Dating Violence Common by 7th Grade ) . However, teenage dating force is non restricted to occidentalize and industrialised states. A survey carried out on international degree revealed that dating force extended among males and females was high in all the states under survey. Dating force was studied through a figure of variables like assailing a spouse, depression, hurt and sexual coercion. The behavioural Acts of the Apostless that were reported in the survey were hitting spouse, drawing his/her arm or hair, utilizing arms to harm, firing him/her on intent, coercing him/her on making sex when he/she does non mean to make so etc. The rate of physical assault was higher in Asia, while it was significantly lower in New Zealand and Australia while victims of sexual coercion were greater in Canada and the United States ( Chang et al. ) Significance of Mental Health We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mental wellness is a province of efficient public presentation of encephalon contributing to productive activities, healthy relationships with people and adaptability to alterations and covering with challenges in a better manner. Mental upsets are considered to be wellness conditions that are attributed by temper swings related to emphasize or decreased operation of encephalon. Mental upsets may take to diverse complication which includes hurting, disablement or decease. Mental unwellness is a broader term embracing all the identifiable mental upsets. Mental upsets are a major subscriber towards disablement. The disease load because of mental unwellness is the greatest among all diseases. National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) has reported that about 13 million American grownups suffer from serious considering mental unwellnesss. Mental upsets contribute to 25 % loss of life clip through disablement and premature mortality and in Canada and United States ; they are taking cause of disablement. Suicide is the 11th most dominant cause of decease in America where it takes off about 30,000 Americans. There is a strong correlativity between mental and physical wellness. A good head leads to good wellness. Ability of people to prosecute in wellness promoting activities reduces as a consequence of mental unwellnesss like depression and anxiousness ( Mental Health and Mental Disorders ) . Therefore, it is truly of import to cover with mental wellness jobs originating as a consequence of dating force because in terrible instances it may take one to self-harm or even self-destructive efforts. Aggression personality upsets are a common phenomenon with the victims of dating force which involves increased look of choler, anti-social behaviour and self-harm personality upset etc. About 20 % of self-destructive individuals have a history of force. Other than that, the victims of dating force are more likely towards the usage of drugs, intoxicant and smoke which farther deteriorates mental wellness. Besides, there is a tendency of utilizing laxatives, dieting pills, fasting and orgy feeding for weight direction among such persons which lead to eating upsets. Besides there is an increased hazard of acquiring infected with sexually transmitted diseases like HIV because the persons may fear the usage of rubber because of the violent spouse and unprotected sex may take to such di seases ( Teen dating force ) . Therefore, to relieve such symptoms and personality upsets among such people and other wellness associated hazards, a mental wellness policy is demanded. Mental Health Policies Followed around the universe A figure of school and community based plans are runing. Most common are the primary bar plans that aim at forestalling maltreatment before it starts. The plan emphasizes upon supplying clear cognition and suited behaviours sing the dating maltreatment. Its course of study is based upon increasing consciousness of dating force, contending force beliefs, promote aid seeking and skill development in order to better the communicating schemes and direction of struggles ( Adolescent dating violence-awareness and bar ) . Such enterprises may take to betterment of mental wellness. Other than plan enterprises, there has been a limited coverage in the legal sphere for reforms of legislative and judicial nature in dating force. Merely a little figure of adolescent victims knock the door of jurisprudence to seek legal redresss like protection orders against dating spouses who are opprobrious. The local anti-violence non-profit organisation Between Friends in Chicago is endeavoring to offer guidance, legal assistance and health-care consciousness within the metropolis to contend domestic force ( U.S. high schools unequipped ) . Novel ways are devised by the White House and Vice president s office in order to forestall dating force at the initial phases by supplying aid to immature work forces for stoping up force. The Office of Adolescent Health s Pregnancy Assistance fund grants aims at bettering services for the pregnant teens that are sing or at the interest of sexual or any other type of force ( Adolescent dating violence-awareness and bar ) . Safe day of the months is a course of study designed for high school and in-between school pupils which is organized in a set of 10 Sessionss, each of which is about of 50 proceedingss. This course of study gives definitions on lovingness and sound relationships and besides provides information on the dating maltreatment sing its causes and effects. It teaches the pupils how to help a friend who has an opprobrious dating spouse. It describes the methods in which gender stereotypes affect dating relationships and explains in what ways sexual assault can be prevented. The course of study comprises of a drama on dating force, posting presentation, and beginning stuff for parents and a general lineation for instructors ( Teen dating force as a public wellness issue ) . My mental wellness policy proposal In my apprehension, a mental wellness policy should first of all reference the psychological science of the center and high school pupils. There should be a compulsory topic on issues related to dating force. The instructors should detect the pupils keenly. If the psychological jobs are observed in some pupils, they should be provided guidance in the school. Parents should besides play an of import function in covering with dating force. They should develop a strong bonding with the kids so that they could portion what is traveling on in their life. Besides, the parents can so assist them get bying with their peculiar state of affairss through their ain life s experiences. The equals are most cognizant of dating force. So the equal groups should be educated about the negative and sick effects of it so that they can help their friend who is sing it. The legislative organic structure on portion of dating force should go more active and efficient in deciding the dating force instances and there should be a system of punishments and penalty to those who commit this offense. Decision Dating force is a serious and broad spread job worldwide. Other than go againsting the human rights, it affects the physical, sexual, generative, mental, emotional and societal public assistance of persons and households. Physical hurt, abortion, sexually familial infections, mental upsets like aggression, anxiousness and depression are the immediate and long term wellness effects associated with satiating force. Other than that, usage of illicit drugs and smoke are really frequent among the victims of dating force. A figure of enterprises are being under taken by the U.S. authorities in order to eliminate this issue from the general population. The most of import is the mental wellness policy that aims at bettering the mental wellness of the susceptible persons that in bend improves their physical wellness. With a healthy psychological science, they can cover with life in a suited manner and serve their state as effectual citizens.

Risk of Diseases †English Descriptive Essay

Risk of Diseases – English Descriptive Essay Free Online Research Papers Risk of Diseases English Descriptive Essay Statistics of Canada has recently stated that less than 2% of overweight people living in Canada are overweight because of a thyroid problem and the other 98% are overweight because of their sedentary lifestyle. Working in the fitness industry as a personal trainer and fitness consultant, you get to train and work with a lot of people especially and predominately sedentary individuals who realize that they have to change theory lifestyle in order to decrease their risk of diseases and enable themselves to feel good about themselves. While working, I had the privilege of working with a 32 year old single women from Toronto named Wanda. Wanda like many of the overweight people I have helped for the past 5 years as a personal trainer and fitness consultant wanted to lose weight, she was concerned with her weight, wanted to fit better in to her clothes and wanted to eliminate her old lifestyle for a new improved one. When I first saw Wanda she was the typically sedentary women that I usually encounter. She had shoulder length blonde hair that was very obvious she had bleached, her nose was long and pointy and her she was very fair. When she talked to me I noticed that her thin lips wee cracked and need some lip balm on them. We discussed what she wanted to change about herself and the first thing, she mentioned was her weight. I took a good look at her rounded figure that was estimated to be about 200 lbs. and her height which she was about 5 feet 4 inches and informed her that by my observation of her I could tell that she was in the overweight catelgory according to the BMI which was a measurement of your weight divided my your height and let her know that this would be our main focus. As I had Wanda Atedp to take her skin fold, which was a mental caliper that slightly and gently pinched her skin to tell me how much body fat she had, I noticed het designer name clothes. She had on a red gap t-shirt that was obviously two sizesto small for her that it spaneded her skin was begging to have some fresh air, her belly was sticking out and she had sweat staines under her arms. She wore blue navy blue pants with pink flowers in the front of the tight pants and yellow bumbles on the back. Again theses were too small for her and thought out the skin fold assessment many times she would grasps her hands and squeeze them throughthe side of her pants to pull them up. After the skinfold, we talked about her lifestyle. I knew what she was going to say before any movement of her thin chapped lips open. She looked like the type of wome who ate a lot of unhealthy food like greasy French fries and over drenched ketchup on top of the fries making you double guess if she was eating French fries or kethup. When she got home from work, she would watch tv like the simpsons and the young and the restless then after wasting her whole evening oindulging her self in the tv, she would crawl herself to bed and start all over again. Research Papers on Risk of Diseases - English Descriptive EssayMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentLifes What Ifs

This Space Intentionally Left Blank

This Space Intentionally Left Blank This past Thursday, a woman near and dear to my heart, my Aunt Mickey, left this world unexpectedly. As her son, my cousin Michael, wrote the night she died, â€Å"There is a massive hole in the universe tonight – and its name is Maxine Lois Simon Unger.† In thinking how to honor the memory of a woman who, despite how much she loved me, refused to subscribe to my blog, I thought what could be more befitting than a [mostly] blank entry. Aunt Mickey, I won’t be forwarding my blog to you this week. But perhaps, from wherever you are, you’ll know this one is for you. All my love, Brandy Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinMarch 28, 2016

Selfawareness and Career Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Selfawareness and Career Management - Assignment Example The practical implications are for more progressive career learning, in conditions which enable 'due process' to establish viable bases for both choice and change of mind. This thinking more sharply differentiates careers education from guidance, setting out a strong rationale for the former. It does not replace DOTS, but extends it into a new-DOTS re-conceptualization termed 'career-learning space'. The effectiveness of career learning is determined by its transferable outcomes. New-DOTS thinking resonates with the conditions for transferable learning. There are possibilities here for building a strong consensus between practice, theory and policy. It helps us in exploring our strengths and can identify the areas we really want to develop. These areas can be related to academic abilities, skills or personal characteristics. Understanding what we want to develop, there are numerous ways of going about this. The approach depends on what we want to develop and may vary. ... These areas can be related to academic abilities, skills or personal characteristics. Understanding what we want to develop, there are numerous ways of going about this. The approach depends on what we want to develop and may vary. It is really important to plan the stages of development carefully, setting ourselves small, manageable targets and checking regular progress against them. DISCUSSION A rising trend is to give confidence to employees to develop to be energetically involved in the administration of their own careers. Career self-management, the extent to which one repeatedly collects information and strategy for career crisis solving and verdict making includes two foremost behaviours: developmental advice seeking and job mobility attentiveness. The career surroundings are changing from a customary one that is "bounded" and determined by methodical service relations with one boss to one that is boundary less and more and more self-directed by the member of staff (Arthur & Rousseau, 2006). Over modern decades, the gestures of business restructurings, mergers, acquisition and downsizing have resulted in administrative center trends distinguished by job anxiety, compliment organizations, and smaller quantity promotions (Mirvis & Hall, 2004). As a consequence, even in steady or quick growing firms, employers are more and more powerless (or unwilling) to assure and form ally administer career opportunities (Individual Growth Strategies, 2005). In order to be

The Causes of the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance Essay

The Causes of the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance - Essay Example The former class includes antibiotics like the ÃŽ ² lactams (penicillin, penicillin derived antibiotics, carbapenems, cephalosporins, vancomycin) and most aminoglycosides especially against Gram-negative organisms but not against Gram-positive and anaerobic micro-organisms. The other class of antibiotics, the microbiostatic, include antibiotics that prevent the micro-organisms from multiplying by interfering with their protein production, DNA replication, and other metabolic pathways. Tetracycline, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and most microbicidal antibiotics at low concentration are few examples of the microbistatic group. The first antibiotic to be discovered was penicillin derived from the Penicillium mold. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Later on, the development of synthetic penicillin broadened the spectrum of activity and at the same time enhanced the efficacy of these drugs. However, with the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, the usefulness of penicillins have been limited in the recent years. Methicillin is a narrow spectrum ÃŽ ² lactam antibiotic which was developed in 1959 by Beechman in order to treat penicillin-resistant Gram-positive organisms like Staphylococcus aureus.  In the 1960s and 1970s, it proved so efficient against Staphylococcus aureus that it was extensively used and even sprayed in the wards of hospitals to control Staphylococcal infection in newborn. ( Elek SD, Fleming PC. A new technique for the control of hospital cross infection. Lancet 1960;ii:569–72). Methicillin-resistant isolates though present were not notably troublesome because of the emergence and prevalence of microbial resistance especially MRSA( methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in hospitals. The major antibiotic-resistant pathogen associated with nosocomial infection.

Cultural and Cross Cultural Psychology Essay Example for Free

Cultural and Cross Cultural Psychology Essay Cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology is no more new, as it has had its momentum picked up for the past few decades. Developmental psychology is something of the same kind and it was a buzzword in between at the turn of the century. The question is how is it possible to study humans development though we intend to study. Human development is also reflected from the repeated efforts and interests on culture analysis in getting to know the interpretation of signals, code words and gestures. When it comes to testing, research and analysis in psychology related subjects it is quite difficult to understand the significant relation between the test samples and the findings. As there is never a reliable empirical formula. Cross cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural condition. Its primary aims are to investigate a) systematic relations between behavioral variables and ethnic-cultural variables, and generalizations of psychological principles. Cross cultural psychology is the science by virtue of the scientific principles and methods it employs. Cross cultural psychology is not primarily concerned with the comparative study of culture, that si the enduring characteristics that mark a culture apart from other countries. (Leonore Loeb Adler, Uwe P. Gieglen, Florence L. Denmark. Cross cultural topics in psychology – Second edition) â€Å"Cross-cultural psychology is the empirical study of members of various culture groups who have had different experience that lead to predictable and significant differences in behavior. In the majority of such studies, the groups under study speak different languages and are governed by different political units† (British, Lonner, Thorndike, 1973, p. 5 – John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition, p. 1) â€Å"Cultural Psycology is the study of the cultures role in the mental life of human beings† (Cole, 1996, p. 1- John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition, p. 1) Cultural psychology is the study to examine ethnic and cultural sources of psychological diversity in emotional, social cognition and human development. (Richard A. Shweder, Maria A. Sullivan. Cultural Psychology: Who needs it? 1993 – Internet edition Cultural psychology is nothing but the practices, customs and beliefs we follow differs from place to place and ethnicity to ethnicity. It is the study of various cultural practices, customary traditions and beliefs that influence a particular sector of people, who decides to improve their society by improvising the existing practices and trying to reason few satisfactory logic to get convinced with the practices. The degree of variance is sometimes measurable and sometimes not. The most interesting part is to analyze how and to what extent the traditions, customs, practices and beliefs developed in a region based on something are made use in favor of personal purposes. Whereas cross-cultural psychology is the effort to establish a connection between psychology that is being framed on the basis of the customs and traditions practiced. It simply deals with the different set of experiences and different set of environment which shows a significant influence on the behavior of the person in a place. The cultural psychology stops with the traditions, customs, beliefs and practices in a system whereas cross-cultural psychology is deep about analyzing the effect of these cultural practices in the behavior and thought process of an individual in the system. For eg, the traditional practice of Sati (burning a woman alive after her husbands death) was followed in India. Learning the practice and the origin of Sati and analyzing its logic, superstitious beliefs is the cultural psychology. Cross cultural psychology tends to explain why women in India are able to accept the practice and get convinced when it is not possible with the other women in the rest of the world. Critical thinking in the cross cultural psychology Cross cultural psychology is interesting to deal with, but actually speaking is highly uninteresting when it comes to experiment and research. It is difficult to format a methodology and bring it in practice, even if brought into practice it is not all that easy to interpret the results of the psychological tests and tasks. How can researchers make out the differences between the results obtained for the same tests from different groups though the questions are same and the groups are different based on the brought up and experience. Is it possible to exhibit a connection between the psychology and the culture with just the interpretation of the results of the tests conducted, and the fact being no one knows to what extent the interpretation falls right. The difference in the thinking may occur due to the difference in the culture influenced thought process, still it is difficult as there is no concrete or empirical formula formulated to decide on it. There is no assurance that the difference in thought process is because of the cultural difference, as there could also be reasons such as bewildered nature of the question, the puzzling nature of the tests, the mood and ignorance of the people and the literacy rate and understanding power of an individual. It does not stop with cross cultural psychology as developmental psychology also faced the similar kind of problem in formatting the research to get to know the exact demand of the scientists and the researchers from the test samples. In addition to that few man made minor errors in the research and process leads to an unexpected and unwanted finding and the errors are sometimes left undetected too. The methodology associated with cross cultural research When it comes to methodology of cross cultural psychology, it involves the qualitative methodology to analyze the practices, customs and habits of different cultures, on the other hand it requires quantitative methodology to compare, analyze and juxtapose the difference in psychology of different individuals influenced by the cultures and practices they follow. Psychological and cultural psychology experiments always require the need of qualitative analysis, as the cross cultural psychology is all about analyzing a huge mass of test sample quantitative analysis also comes into picture, perhaps the problem is sometimes the methods are treated mutually exclusive and the results are not compatible all the time. In addition to this, there is a report that researchers employ artificial and unfamiliar methods leading to ambiguous results. The issue is research is done based on the questions answered by individuals in a society rather than the collective answer from a society, that makes the major difference and inconvenience. Conclusion Though the subject is interesting, it is poignant to know the investigation methods have not taken the right direction. Conventional methods and sampling techniques are most desired all the times, perhaps when it comes to bringing out the difference between two cultures and the influence on the thought process of an individual because of the culture, it is advisable not to stop with these conventional techniques, as even previous literature works, media interviews, assumptions can be taken into significant consideration. Apart from all these standard quantitative techniques should be given the appropriate attention too, the results from the conventional sampling techniques and the standard quantitative techniques can be compared and related. This way a convincing analysis can be expected. Reference: Richard A Shweder. Thinking through cultures – Expeditions in cultural psychology John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen . Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition James W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder, Gilbert Herdt. Cultural Psychology- Essays on comparative human development. Lumei Hui. (2003)Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior John W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen. Cross cultural psychology Research and Applications – Second edition

The Journey to Teaching Essay example -- Essays Papers

The Journey to Teaching My philosophy on education In taking this course there is one overwhelming fact that has become clear to me- Teaching is an ongoing process in which I will be te Student,as much as I am the Educator. My philosophy on education has greatly expanded from doing all that I can to help children learn, to a string of many ideas, and thoughts, which will shape my classroom. These are what i will discuss in this reflection. Lisa Delpit and her book Other People's Children, was influential to helping shape my educational philosophy. In her book, Delpit draws attention to educating minorities, and gives many examples as to why it is so hard. One reason is the language barrier between the teacher, and his/her students. I feel that from reading this book it is necessary for teachers to understand that culture impacts many of the ways our children speak. Delpit gives an example of this when discussing a conversation between a white teacher and her black student. The teacher is correcting the black child on how to say "brother." The student is reading to the teacher and he pronounces the word "bruvver," at which time the teacheer stops him and tries to get him to say the word in proper dialect (Delpit, 1995, p.59). There are a few problems that Delpit raises with doing this. First she says that you do not allow the child to gain confidence in their reading, and second, the child is interrupted continuous ly. Therefore the child will not be able to advance in the same manner as the other students who can read in the proper dialect. Culture plays a tremendous role in educating our youth, not only directly, like the example above, but also in the relationships between parent and teacher. Delpit ca... ...to a classroom, and embracing differences will help to create a multicultural room, full of respect and individualism. Each teacher has indifidual thoughts and beliefs, which they will bring with them to establish their own classroom. Although these values may not be the same for everyone, we need to respect them, because if we do not allow teachers to teach in their own way, then we are in fact telling them we don't trust their capabilities. This course has helped me gain an incredible amount of perspective on teaching, and there is one thing that I learned on the first day of class that will stick with me always. I think it sums up the every day routine that a teacher goes through, and will help me maintain my principles and strength through the most trying times. "BEWARE AND BE BOLD," never give up on a student, and never be scared to stand up for what I believe.

The Homelessness In America Health And Social Care Essay

The stateless population in America is nonspecific, anyone can stop up homeless. Each twelvemonth, more than 3 million people experience homelessness, including 1.3 million kids. Although there are subpopulations at higher hazard, the fastest turning population is Families. Other Subpopulations include veterans, individuals with terrible mental unwellness, individuals with chronic substance maltreatment jobs, Comorbidity, HIV/AIDS, individuals with are victims of domestic force, or unaccompanied young person. Two tendencies are mostly responsible for the rise in homelessness over the past 20-25 old ages: a turning deficit of low-cost rental lodging and a coincident addition in poorness. Persons populating in poorness are most at hazard of going homeless, and demographic groups who are more likely to see poorness are besides more likely to see homelessness. Recent demographic statistics are summarized below.DemographicAge In 2003, kids under the age of 18 accounted for 39 % of the stateless population ; 42 % of these kids were under the age of five ( NLCHP, 2004 ) . This same survey found that unaccompanied bush leagues comprised 5 % of the urban stateless population. However, in other metropoliss and particularly in rural countries, the Numberss of kids sing homelessness are much higher. Harmonizing to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, in 2004, 25 % of homeless were ages 25 to 34 ; the same survey found per centums of stateless individuals aged 55 to 64 at 6 % . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%Gender Most surveies show that individual homeless grownups are more likely to be male than female. In 2007, a study by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that of the population surveyed 35 % of the homeless people who are members of families with kids are male while 65 % of these people are females. However, 67.5 % of the individual homeless population is male, and it is this individual population that makes up 76 % of the homeless populations surveyed ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2007 ) . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%Families The figure of stateless households with kids has increased significantly over the past decennary. Families with kids are among the fastest turning sections of the stateless population. In its 2007 study of 23 American metropoliss, the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that households with kids comprised 23 % of the homeless population ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2007 ) . These proportions are likely to be higher in rural countries. Research indicates that households, individual female parents, and kids make up the largest group of people who are stateless in rural countries ( Vissing, 1996 ) . All 21 metropoliss with available informations cited an addition in the figure of individuals bespeaking nutrient aid for the first-time. The addition was peculiarly noteworthy among working households. ( U.S. conference of city managers 2008 ) As the figure of households sing homelessness rises and the figure of low-cost lodging units psychiatrists, households are capable to much longer corsets in the shelter system. For case, in the mid-1990s in New York, households stayed in a shelter an norm of five months before traveling on to lasting lodging. Today, the mean stay is 5.7 months, and some studies say the norm is closer to a twelvemonth ( U. S. Conference of Mayors, 2007 and Santos, 2002 ) . For more information, see our fact sheet on Homeless Families with Children. National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%Ethnicity In its 2006 study of 25 metropoliss, the U.S. Conference of Mayor found that the sheltered homeless population is estimated to be 42 percent Afro-american, 38 per centum white, 20 per centum Hispanic, 4 per centum Native American and 2 per centum Asian. ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2006 ) . Like the entire U.S. population, the cultural make-up of stateless populations varies harmonizing to geographic location. For illustration, people sing homelessness in rural countries are much more likely to be white ; homelessness among Native Americans and migratory workers is besides mostly a rural phenomenon ( U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1996 ) . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Battered adult females who live in poorness are frequently forced to take between opprobrious relationships and homelessness. In a survey of 777 homeless parents ( the bulk of whom were female parents ) in 10 U.S. metropoliss, 22 % said they had left their last topographic point of abode because of domestic force ( Homes for the Homeless, 1998 ) . A 2003 study of 100 homeless female parents in 10 locations around the state found that 25 % of the adult females had been physically abused in the last twelvemonth ( American Civil Liberties Union, 2004 ) . In add-on, 50 % of the 24 metropoliss surveyed by the U.S. Conference of Mayors identified domestic force as a primary cause of homelessness ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005 ) . Analyzing the full state, though, reveals that the job is even more serious. Nationally, about half of all adult females and kids sing homelessness are flying domestic force ( Zorza, 1991 ; National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2001 ) . For more informa tion, see our fact sheet on Domestic Violence and Homelessness. Twenty two metropoliss reported that, on norm, 15 per centum of stateless individuals were victims of domestic force ( U.S. Conference of Mayors 2008 ) . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%Veterans Research indicates that 40 % of stateless work forces have served in the armed forces, as compared to 34 % of the general grownup population ( Rosenheck et al. , 1996 ) . In 2005, the U.S. Conference of Mayors ‘ study of 24 American metropoliss found that 11 % of the stateless population were veterans aa‚ ¬ † nevertheless, this does non take gender into history ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005 ) . The National Coalition for Homeless Veterans estimates that on any given dark, 271,000 veterans are stateless ( National Coalition for Homeless Veterans, 1994 ) . For more information, see our fact sheet on Homeless Veterans. The 24 metropoliss supplying this information estimated that 13 per centum of individuals sing homelessness were veterans. Veterans are somewhat over-represented among the homeless population compared to their prevalence in the overall population ( 11.2 per centum ) ( U.S. Conference of Mayors 2008 ) . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%Person WITH MENTAL ILLNESS Persons with terrible mental unwellness represented about 26 per centum of all sheltered homeless individuals ( Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the Federal Task Force on Homelessness and Severe Mental Illness, merely 5-7 % of stateless individuals with mental unwellness require institutionalization ; most can populate in the community with the appropriate supportive lodging options ( Federal Task Force on Homelessness and Severe Mental Illness, 1992 ) . For more information, see our fact sheet on Mental Illness and Homelessness. The 23 metropoliss that provided information reported that 26 per centum of their stateless population suffered from a serious mental unwellness. By contrast, merely six per centum of the U.S. population suffers from a serious mental unwellness ( U.S. Conference of Mayors 2008 ) . National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%PERSONS Agony FROM ADDICTION DISORDERS Surveies of stateless populations conducted during the 1980s found systematically high rates of dependence, peculiarly among individual work forces ; nevertheless, recent research has called the consequences of those surveies into inquiry ( Koegel et al. , 1996 ) . In Summary, the surveies that produced high prevalence rates greatly over represented long-run shelter users and individual work forces, and used life-time instead than current steps of dependence. While there is no by and large accepted â€Å" charming figure † with regard to the prevalence of dependence upsets among stateless grownups, the U.S. Conference of Mayorsaa‚ ¬a„? figure in 2005 was 30 % , and the often cited figure of approximately 65 % is likely at least dual the existent rate for current dependence upsets among all individual grownups who are homeless in a twelvemonth. Among surveyed homeless people 38 % have an intoxicant job, and 26 % study jobs with other drugs ( National Health Care f or the Homeless Council ) . For more information, see our fact sheet on Addiction Disorders and Homelessness. National Rate California Rate Solano County Rate%%%CausingPoverty Homelessness and poorness are inextricably linked. Poor people are often unable to pay for lodging, nutrient, child care, wellness attention, and instruction. Difficult picks must be made when limited resources cover merely some of these necessities. Often it is lodging, which absorbs a high proportion of income that must be dropped. If you are hapless, you are basically an unwellness, an accident, or a payroll check off from populating on the streets. In 2007, 12.5 % of the U.S. population, or 37,300,00 million people, lived in poorness. The official poorness rate in 2007 was non statistically different than 2006 ( U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2007 ) . Children are overrepresented, composing 35.7 % of people in poorness while merely being 24.8 % of the entire population. Two factors help history for increasing poorness: eroding employment chances for big sections of the work force and the worsening value and handiness of public aid. Employment Worsening rewards have put lodging out of range for many workers: in every province, more than the minimal pay is required to afford a one- or two-bedroom flat at Fair Market Rent.1 ( National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2001 ) . In fact, in the average province a minimum-wage worker would hold to work 89 hours each hebdomad to afford a two-bedroom flat at 30 % of his or her income, which is the federal definition of low-cost lodging ( National Low Income Housing Coalition 2001 ) . Therefore, unequal income leaves many people homeless. The U.S. Conference of Mayors ‘ 2005 study of 24 American metropoliss found that 13 % of the urban stateless population were employed ( U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005 ) , though recent studies by the U.S. Conference of Mayors have reported every bit high as 25 % . In a figure of metropoliss non surveyed by the U.S. Conference of Mayors – every bit good as in many provinces – the per centum is even higher ( National Coalition for the Homeless, 1997 ) . When asked to place the three chief causes of hungriness in their metropolis, 83 per centum of metropoliss cited poorness, 74 per centum cited unemployment and 57 per centum cited the high cost of lodging. ( U.S. Conference of Mayors 2008 ) . For more information, see our factsheets on Employment and Homelessness and Why Are People Homeless? . Disability Catastrophes Thingss like Fire, Earthquake, Floods and other natural catastrophes How its defined by the Federal Government Literally Homeless. These include people who for assorted grounds have found it necessary to populate in exigency shelters or transitional lodging for some period of clip. Most tragically, this class besides includes people who sleep in topographic points non intend for human habitation ( for illustration, streets, Parkss, abandoned edifices, and subway tunnels ) . These â€Å" street stateless † people may besides utilize shelters on an intermittent footing. Precariously Housed. These are people on the threshold of homelessness. They may be doubled up with friends and relations or paying highly high proportions of their resources for rent. They are frequently characterized as being at at hand hazard of going homeless. A?aˆsA · Sheltered homeless persons include individual grownups, unaccompanied young person, individuals in multi-adult families, and individuals in multi-child families. A?aˆsA · Sheltered homeless individuals in households include individuals in families with at least one grownup and one kid. ] AHAR 2009 Problems Criminalizing the Homeless Beginnings The 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report ( June 2010 ) , U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development – Corrected June 18, 2010

Balanced Scorecard in Telecom

Performance measurement concerns all stake holders of business. Owners without executive powers are obviously most keen to know how their savings and investments are deployed. Employees, especially the ones with many alternate career options, would also like to know the state of health of their organizations, apart from the aspect of how superiors view their contributions. Suppliers worry about the future prospects of the business of a client because it has cascading effects on their own fortunes.Finally, regulators use corporate performance as feedback of macro-economic policies; customers also have tangential interests in the well-being of service providers and manufacturers on whom they depend. There is an increasing disconnect between statutory financial reporting and statements by executive teams about the states of enterprises for which they are responsible. There are many significant events in a corporation’s history which do not find places in profit and loss accounts or in balance sheets.Further, all statutory reporting is historical, whereas many modern lines of business such as telecommunications are in very fluid states. Everyone wants to know the future impacts of present developments, rather than what has already transpired in the past. There is an explosion of interest in non-financial information (Neef, and Cefola). Trends in customer loyalty and retention, development of more effective human resources, the capabilities of corporation to meet future competitive pressures, and the internal ‘engine-room’ operations are typical areas about which little is known through traditional financial reporting.While executives must be pleased at the lack of comprehensive business intelligence for competitors, the lack of directional information can lead to poor coordination and loss of control inside a corporation. All levels of hierarchy require guidance in terms of overall strategy, and how broad directions bear on individual jobs. The concept of a Balanced Scorecard is a popular and widely respected method of translating strategy in to specific implementationThis document constructs a hypothetical case of a telecom company, and attempts the application of the Balanced Scorecard methodology to translate the strategy of this company in to reality. The document concludes with an appraisal of the utility of the method. Business Distinctions of Telecom It is useful to consider the broad structure of the global telecom industry in order to construct a hypothetical case of some relevance.Telecom has shot in to the limelight of late after dramatic developments in technology and extensive consolidation of the industry structure as well. The industry shares a high profile with consumers and regulators alike. The telecom business is integral to modernization of society (Bonocore, 2001). High speed, wireless communication networks have transformed lives, bringing what was almost science fiction to the realm of reality. It is now possible to stay in touch with the world from the comfort of a home, and save on travel and commute times.Convergence between mobile or cellular telephones and computers is another major trend, and the revolution in the work-place of old is now in the process of unfolding at homes, with developments such as Internet telephones and music downloads from this medium as well. The industry is full of dramatic discontinuities; some of these are due to mergers and acquisitions, while the rest is because of disruptive changes in technology (Bonocore, 2001). The technological changes are likely to continue, with exponential jumps in processing speeds of micro-processors, while costs are headed distinctly south.The huge and rapid technological improvements keep creating excess capacities (Bonocore, 2001). The fixed infrastructure costs of telecom players are not sustainable, unless price reductions spur major jumps in demand. There is a fierce battle to capture new customers, to induce t hem to use their telephones as much as possible, and to hold on to them as well. Regulatory changes are breaking restrictions, as between local and long distance telephony (Bonocore, 2001). Large global players can also now break in to new domestic territories.The industry nature as outlined above makes non-financial parameters as important drivers of success (Neef, and Cefola). It is therefore eminently suited for the application of the Balanced Scorecard methodology (Tenhunen, Ukko, Markus, Oy, and Rantanen, 2002). Hypothetical Case Construction Telephone and Data Systems Inc. is a real company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Form 10-K, 1998). It is a diversified telecommunications operator in the United States, and participates in both the wireless and line telephone segments.A hypothetical case has been created in this document on the historical basis of the company’s 10-K statement for 1997, presented to the Securities and Exchanges Commission in 1998 (Form 10-K, 1998). This document details the company’s strategy exactly a decade ago. The Balanced Scorecard methodology can be applied to this historical but factual situation in a hypothetical way. The numbers and facts in the following paragraphs are not entirely factual, with some simplifications made for the purpose of clarity. Telephone Data Systems Inc.is a relatively small and niche player in the telecom industry. It does not operate at all outside of the United States, and serves customers in only 36 States of its home country. It has less than 10 million customers. The company depends on the United States Cellular Corporation for its wireless services, which includes broad band, and has a wholly owned subsidiary for this line of business. The company operates printing and distribution activities through Suttle Straus, Inc in which it has a controlling stake.TDS is focused on rural and suburban USA. It has about 11 thousand employees. Its basic approach is to combine organic gro wth with appropriate acquisitions. It operates each lines of business through a company which it either owns wholly or controls. The company has proprietary access to technology which reduces noise, provides seamless inter-connections, and which also offers cost advantages. Its network is capable of upgrades for value-added services. However, the company does also need to enter new technology areas.The company focuses on geographic clusters in order to control costs, but emphasizes full customer satisfaction in its chosen clusters. Overall, the broad strategy of Telephone Data Systems Inc. is to hold a leadership position in rural and suburban America, making necessary investments to support such a competitive advantage. An Overview of the Balanced Scorecard Concept It is useful at this junction to consider the general nature and principles of the Balanced Scorecard before the concept is applied to the hypothetical case constructed as above.The Balanced Scorecard is essentially a wa y of translating strategic concepts in to action (Keyes, 2005). It can also be used for holistic performance appraisal of an organization. The Balanced Scorecard seeks to integrate the contributions of all stake holders and levels of an organization for the joint implementation of strategic goals (Kaplan, 2002). It eliminates gaps between visionary thinking at the top of an organization and the daily actions of people up to the periphery. The Balanced Scorecard makes a large corporation nimble and responsive.The Balanced Scorecard was first introduced in the early 1990, and is now used by about half of all U. S. corporations (Neely, 2002). Measurement is crucial for building teams and common commitments (Kaplan, 2002). This is at the heart of the Balanced Scorecard system. These measures are a part of a cause and effect link spanning the entire organization; each measure is linked to an organizational outcome. The Balanced Scorecard is built along 4 axes: the financial perspectives drive customer values, while the internal perspectives focus on productivity, and value creation.The customer perspective gives body to differentiation, while the learning and growth perspective dwells on human resources, systems, business climate, and organization culture. Overall the Balanced Scorecard is a means of implementing strategy, and works primarily through simple and transparent measurement of financial and qualitative goals (Neely, 2002). Implementation Priorities and Sequencing This section relates to the hypothetical case constructed earlier in the document. Telephone Data Systems Inc.is ready with a strategy and would like to use the Balanced Scorecard to ensure measured and effective implementation. The process must start with widespread communication of the evolved strategy, because this has been prepared by a mere handful of the most senior and trusted executives in the company (Mai, and Akerson, 2003). Telephone Data Systems Inc. has more than 11 thousand employe es, and the Balanced Scorecard system requires that each of them understands what their company wishes to achieve and how (Kaplan, 2002).Some people are formally employees of owned or controlled, but independent entities: they must also be carried in the massive effort to implement the strategy quickly and well. Share holders, financiers, and technology associates are other stake holders with important roles in strategy execution, so they too must know the direction their company has chosen to take. Finally, competitors also need to be aware of the nuances of company strategy since the industry is in a phase of consolidation.Overall, the management should make special efforts to carry people with them by integration with the Human Resources Management strategy (Kearns, 2003) and by viewing the organization as a living being Communication with such a large and diversified audience is likely to suffer from both dilution as well as distortion (Segil, and Goldsmith, J, 2002). Further, t he subject matter is a top management prerogative, so any word from anyone other than the Chief Executive Officer, will not carry adequate weight or authority (Kaplan, 2002)This communication issue is also an opportunity for the company to showcase its strengths. The Chief Executive Officer, apart from physical one-on-one meetings with the most influential stake holders, decides to use email and video conferencing infrastructure to communicate interactively with each stake holder directly. The core message is that Telephone Data Systems Inc. will be the leader in telecommunications within rural and suburban America. The company will back this super-ordinate aim with all the financial and non-financial investments needed for its realization.The Chief Executive Officer and the core strategy team have decided to launch the Balanced Scorecard on a pilot basis before extending the methodology throughout the Group (Tenhunen, Ukko, Markus, Oy, and Rantanen, 2002). This will serve as a lear ning process and will help the company deal with the potential problems which such a process may entail. Telephone Data Systems Inc. is new to the Balanced Scorecard, and it is known that some phases of the process, such as tying personal remuneration with measured goal achievement may cause instabilities.

License vs. Licence

License vs. Licence License vs. Licence License vs. Licence By Maeve Maddox My recent post on Driver License vs. Driver’s License stirred a discussion about the spellings licence and license. In American usage, the word license is used as both noun and verb: license (noun): permission to act. license (verb): to grant or issue a license to someone, usually after special qualifications have been met. Modern British usage distinguishes between the noun licence and the verb license: She has framed her licence to practice medicine and hung it on the wall. (noun) She was licensed just last week. (verb) According to a note in the OED, the spelling licence for the noun is more etymologically correct than license because it comes from Latin licentia, by way of French licence. The editor notes that licence would be an acceptable spelling for the verb as well, but acknowledges that the spelling license conforms to the rule that governs other noun/verb pairs like prophecy/prophesy and advice/advise. Although modern British usage prefers the spelling licence for the noun, Dr. Johnson’s 1755 Dictionary of the English Language has these entries for license (so spelled): License, a permission, liberty. (noun) License, to grant leave; to permit by a legal grant; to set at liberty. (verb) Late 19th century British dictionaries â€Å"almost universally have license both for noun and verb, either without alternative or in the first place (OED).† And it’s clear from several of the OED citations used to illustrate the noun licence that at least some British authors and journalists spelled it license up until the 20th century: Others would confine the license of disobedience to unjust laws. (1861) The Sandy Foundation Shaken’ was printed without a license from the Bishop of London. (1872) The same license was granted to him for dealing with all future criminals of the same class. (1888) These implements of license were originally made by God. (1901) I like the modern British practice of distinguishing the noun from the verb. In fact, for a very long time, I believed that licence was the only way to spell the licentious kind of liberty described in 1Peter 4:3: â€Å"licence, debauchery, hard drinking, noisy revelry, and drunkenness.† It’s perhaps regrettable that Americans have only one way to spell license, but that’s the rule. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Wood vs. Wooden

How to get noticed on LinkedIn

How to get noticed on LinkedIn So, you’ve got a LinkedIn profile, now what? How should we be using LinkedIn as a tool to further our careers, exactly? Like any social media platform, the ability to connect us to mass amounts of people across the globe is what makes it so powerful. As of 2017, there are 500 million active users on LinkedIn, and at least 10 million job postings at any given time. Imagine where your career could go if you unlocked just some of those opportunities. First, it’s important to understand that how you’ve setup your profile is how you present yourself to the world, and to potential colleagues and employers. Building an effective LinkedIn profile is similar to building a resume. It may take some effort to do correctly, but the benefits will greatly outweigh the time taken to do it.What are headhunters looking for on LinkedIn? Headhunters are seasoned pros as navigating the platform, so it’s crucial that you have a profile that looks professional and cuts through t he clutter.We’ve compiled a list of items that you need to perfect in order to put your best foot forward.Take a great profile picture. This is often the first thing that potential employers will notice about you. After all, a picture is worth a thousand words. A great rule of thumb is to steer clear of selfies, party and/or vacation pictures, or anything blurry. Your profile picture does not need to be super corporate; so long as it’s good quality, shows your face clearly, and professional. Put your best face forward here. You can have a friend take a picture of you in a well-lit area and iPhone picture quality would be sufficient.Not a great choice!That’s more like it!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get a custom URL. As previously mentioned, there are 500 million users on LinkedIn. It’s important that you make yourself easy to find. There are many ways to do this, but a great first step is to customize your URL as closely to your name as possible. T his will also make it easier for you to link back to your LinkedIn profile in resumes and emails. The more eyes on your profile, the better, after all!Craft a great headline.   This is one of the first things people will see when they come across your profile, along with your picture. This headline appears within search results, invitations to connect, company pages, etc. It is most important to use â€Å"searchable words†. Avoid cheesy quotes, overused buzzwords, and generally being unclear about what you do. A headhunter won’t see something like â€Å"social media ninja† on your profile and then take the time to figure out what that might mean to you. For example, if you are in the graphic design industry, you are better off listing yourself as a graphic designer rather than a digital artist.Write yourself a punchy summary. Again, using keywords specific to your industry is best here. However avoid rambling on too long. Sadly, no one has time to read through paragraphs upon paragraphs about your professional life. Of course, in this area it helps to be as creative and pithy as possible, all while avoiding being cheesy and overly using buzzwords. This is your chance to set yourself apart from the rest!Add media where you can. You can add pictures, videos, and links on many sections on your LinkedIn profile. It goes without saying that this makes cruising your profile much more interesting. In addition to this, visual aids, no matter the industry, are helpful in conveying your experience in a dynamic way. It also shows that you execute on deliverables, which is attractive to employers. If a headhunter lands on your profile and is interested, it would be helpful to give them some preliminary materials to sift through before contact you!Write recommendations, get recommendations. Recommendations should not be the centerpiece of your profile, but it’s a nice cherry on top. It tells the user reading your profile that you have had good , positive work experiences in the past. Whether or not they read the content of the recommendations is on them, but as you can imagine, keeping it brief is best. A pro tip here is that people sometimes forget that giving a recommendation is an available feature, so write recommendations for your favorite coworkers to remind them- and pay it forward while doing it!Keep things consistent. Take the profile of Danielle Morrill, founder and CEO at Mattermark, data and marketing company, as an example. All of her experiences are listed in a clean manner, and the job descriptions all keep the relatively same format. The profile is easy to read and pleasant on the eyes. It’s simple for the user to land on this profile and understand Mrs. Morrill’s work experiences. This applies to other sections on your profile as well. Make sure to use similar language and formatting as you build the profile out– and make sure that, above all else, it represents you!Make connections. Making connections on LinkedIn is the name of the game, after all! These connections make you look, for lack of a better word, well-connected within your industry. On top of this, you get the added benefit of growing your circle and further networking by being connected to the right people. It is also helpful to connect with headhunters and recruiters. They often post updates on positions they’re looking to fill, and you’ll have an easier time getting in contact with them overall. Conversely, if you do not have any connections at all on LinkedIn, it makes you look unengaged and unconnected, so connect away!Complete your profile. An incomplete profile is an ineffective profile. It simply defeats the purpose of having a presence on the platform, as you make yourself look uninvolved, and uninterested. LinkedIn knows that you completing your profile is an important step for you to get value out of using it, so it guides you as you build out your profile. As you follow the ir instructions, your profile strength will receive a ranking.LinkedIn is a fantastic tool that enables us to connect with industry professionals all over the world and there is value in taking the time to flesh out your profile in a way that represents you. In using the platform to its fullest potential, you are setting yourself up to make the most of what it has to offer. It just so happens that what LinkedIn has to offer is making key connections, and great strides in your career.Author  Miriam Groom is VP of Sales and Marketing at Groom and Associates, a Canadian recruitment agency specialized in headhunting and executive search. Miriam brings a new perspective and skill set to Groom and Associates as a second generation of senior management in the Groom organization. Miriam has experience with a wide range of clients, from small high growth organizations to some of the largest global organizations. Miriam has a degree in Commerce with a concentration in Finance from the John Molson School of Business.

Communication Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Communication Theories - Essay Example In this case, the sender assumes prime responsibility for the intimacy between the two friends because if he/she did not forward the request, the two would not have been friends. Of all the friends we have on Facebook, we tend to interact with the ones commenting on our statuses more than others. We reply their comments and they reply our replies. Being listed in the friend’s list is different from chatting with a friend on-line. Of course, the latter approach promotes intimacy between friends. Hence, the feedback effect of CMC has the second-largest relational impact. The receiver effect has the third-largest relational impact. On Facebook, we receive notifications, invitations to events, and invitations to games. Most of the invitations are received because the sender â€Å"sends to all† in the friends’ list. The channel effect’s relational impact is the least It does not matter whether a message is received through email, online chat or message. What pr omotes intimacy is the fact that a message or comment is

Health Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Sociology - Essay Example Also included is the criticism of capitalism which forces the lower working classes to be subject to the exploitation of the upper classes. This includes not only the working standards of the employees but a variety of other factors such as the standards of health which are determined by the bourgeoisie set to attain power. Through manipulating these means, they are able to produce surplus product which leads to profits and the upper classes accumulation of wealth and power for themselves. The last pattern set by Marxism is the need for the worker to revolt. It is only by standing up to the orders set for them by the upper classes that the proletariat can escape. This requires the workers to unite through unions and political parties to stand against the control of the rich ruling classes. Thus, the Marxist policy is very consistent with the idea of exploitation done by the ruling class to maintain their power over the poorer and less powerful working classes. While most Marxist opinions are based upon the concept of economic determinism and its effect on the resulting class conflict, Marx and Engels have been unable to come with a unified and direct theory on over-all purpose of civil society itself. However this purpose of society can be understood by examining the work done by both men. This includes the criticism of the 19th century social systems, the advantages of a communist system and its superiority to the exploitation committed by the capitalist systems and the Marxist need for a justified revolution that would allow the workers to gain their due rights (Peffer 1990).Thus, Marxists aim for a health system that will not deprive the poor of their rights to a justifiable and efficient system that will provide for their basic needs and wants. Marxists view the health care system as a method for capitalist societies to search for profits while maintaining their capitalist domination and capital accumulation (Waitzkin 1983). Marx saw the problems created by the inequality amongst the classes. The conditions borne by the lower working classes were dismal. The working classes were living in an abject state of poverty and were deprived of many material goods. Not only were they paid a minimum wage which prevented them from buying anything but the basic necessities of life but they also lived together which allowed the diseases amongst them to spread at a much higher speed. This unbridled capitalist system created a breeding ground for disease amongst the proletariat (Baggott 2004). There is no doubt that the upper classes are not immune to the disease and infections spread caused by the social and economic conditions, but the number of ill-health between the rich and poor are severely disproportionate. This was coupled with the health services provided to the two different classes. Both were phenomenally different. This proved the Marxist concept that while the rich prospered; the working class lived in poo r conditions under them. The idea is that the health of managerial and professional classes tends to improve while those of the poorer

How to reduce turnover and retain qualified associates at walmart Research Paper

How to reduce turnover and retain qualified associates at walmart (specifically management, in rural stores) - Research Paper Example Contributing to Wal-Mart’s high employee turnover rate are the characteristics of the jobs they offer, such as low hourly wages, inadequate benefits, constantly changing schedules, and little possibility of advancement. (Lichtenstein and Johansson, 2011) Obviously, these characteristics will not attract the most qualified or career oriented applicants (i.e. recent college graduates). According to Danny Baisden, Co-Manager of the MacArthur, West Virginia, Wal-Mart, â€Å"we will need to replace 30% of our work force in the next year, management and hourly associates. We also have a current shortage of associates. The stores hands are tied and are not able to negotiate with current applicants on salary and benefits. This makes the stores less competitive†. (Baisden, 2010) In West Virginia, more than 25 percent of the state’s 980,000 working-age adults (25-64 years old) hold at least a two-year degree, according to 2008 Census data. This compares to a national average of around 38 percent. Attainment rates in West Virginia are increasing modestly, even though the proportion of degree-holding young adults — those 25-34 years old — mirrors that of the overall adult population. (Lumina Foundation for Education, 2010) Many recent graduates are turning down good job offers, holding out for better jobs and salaries in the belief that a college degree entitles them to more than entry level," says Ogunwole. "In today's job market, that's just not realistic." (2009 College Grads Moving Home in Large Numbers, 2009) However, an entry level position with very good probability for advancement may be much more attractive to these recent graduates and other well qualified individuals. In order for Wal-Mart to attract better qualified applicants, some policy changes must be made. For example, Wal-Mart could create a system where employee wages increase with the amount of time associates are employed with the company and with an employee’s skills and experience. (Lichtenstein and Johansson, 2011) Wal-Mart could also offer their employees better benefits, such as less expensive health insurance. Another suggestion would be to provide employees with more stable schedules so that they are not constantly ch anging. Wal-Mart could also create more hourly positions which include greater responsibilities, training and higher wages for those positions. Finally, Wal-Mart can provide their employees with better opportunities for advancement within the company. (Lichtenstein and Johansson, 2011) Methodology In order to determine whether the suggested changes will reduce employee turnover rates, perhaps they can be implemented in one store or one geographical area such as the store in MacArthur, West Virginia. Once changes are in place for some time (i.e. one year), Wal-Mart will be able to see whether or not they have an effect on employee turnover rates. Study Subjects Subjects for the study may include associates currently employed at the store. College students in the area may also be subjects for the study. Data Collection Before making changes, current Wal-Mart associates could complete questionnaires regarding what they believe is important, would be most beneficial to them, and increas e the likelihood of them remaining with the company. Wal-Mart may also want to survey college students in the area in order to determine what would make employment at Wal-Mart more attractive to them. Once this data is collected and analyzed, these questionnaires can provide the company with a better of understanding of their current employees’

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry This report is a PESTLE analysis of the Car Industry. We have looked at Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental issues that affect the car industry based on innovations that have and are taking place. It is political factors which are creating market pulls on innovation in the automobile industry and having the greatest affect on the innovations which are produced. This is because the governments of many countries are concerned about global warming and lowering their emissions. And one way to lower its affects is for the automobile industry to create innovations which have less of an impact on the environment. The main ways through which governments are intervening are, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, FreedomCAR, emission standards and the Kyoto Protocol. Â  The number of accidents and alcohol related accidents, which are social factors, are starting to increase. This has caused the automotive to innovate to help reverse this increase and lower the number of accidents on the road. 2. INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to have an insight of the automobile industry, how it has been affected by innovation and what actions the car companies have taken in terms of innovation. We will analyse the external factors of the industry through a PESTLE analysis. The word PESTLE is an abbreviation of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. A PESTLE analysis is an audit of an organisations environmental influences (CIPD, 2009) that are having an effect on the organisation/industry. The analysis can lead to seeing possible opportunities that lie within the industry and where the major influences on the industry come from. An innovation is the generation of a new idea and its implementation into a product, process or service (Urabe et al, 1986, p.3). An innovation can fall under one of the following categories: Product Changes in the things (products/services) which an organisation offers. Process Changes in the ways they are created and delivered. Position Changes in the context the product/services are introduced Paradigm Changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organisation does. (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p.10) We will refer to this classification of different types of innovations throughout this report. The Henderson and Clark model of innovation will also be used, and according to it there are 4 types of innovation: Incremental innovation is the enhancement of existing products or services. (Gaynor, 2002, p. 25) Modular innovation is when new knowledge is required on a product as one part of a product is significantly improved but the overall the architecture of the product remains the same. (Innovation Zen, 2006) Architectural innovation reconfigures a system of components that constitute a product, process or service (Gaynor, 2002, p.26). Radical innovation is the introduction of new products or services that develop into major new businesses or spawn new industries, or that cause significant change in a whole industry (Gaynor, 2002, p.27). 3. THE PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) was a program that started in 1993 by U.S president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore (PNGV, 2009). The partnership was between many government agencies including the United States Council for Automotive Research. (USCAR) This consisted of the big three American automotive manufacturers (Ford, General Motors and Chrysler), over 300 suppliers of automotive parts, small businesses, Universities and federal Labs (see appendix 1) (Turner et al, 2000). In this partnership the U.S government would match the amount of capital the big 3 manufacturers invested into the research of technologies that would help achieve the partnerships objectives and the big 3 manufacturers, small businesses, universities and laboratories would carry out the research (Jewett, 1997). When this program first started, it had 3 objectives: To increase the competitiveness of the U.S automotive industry. Create a mid -sized vehicle that has the fuel efficiency of 80 miles to the gallon whilst keeping the performance and cost similar to those of vehicles that were available in 1993. This vehicle would need to apply to the emissions standards of 2004. Employ the innovations that were created in the program to conventional vehicles once the innovations became commercially viable. (Fosgard, 1995) The government created this partnership for two main reasons: The first is that they wanted to lower Americas need on foreign oil (an economic factor) through the fact that more efficient vehicles would use less oil and this would increase Americas national security (a social factor) (PNGV, 2009) because the country would be less reliant on other nations for fuel. Secondly, the U.S government wanted to lower the amount of harmful greenhouse emissions that the United States emitted as a whole and lowering the level of emissions that the cars in the U.S was one way to fulfil this reason (PNGV, 2009). This was an environmental factor causing the creation of PNGV. There was a requirement of the vehicles that were to be created in 2004, which was that they should be able to travel a certain distance on a full tank of fuel. Also there were short deadlines within the program an example was that by 1997 production prototypes of the vehicles that were most likely to meet the objectives were to be created. These two factors meant that architectural innovations over the regular internal combustion engine like a fuel cell or pure electric vehicle couldnt be pursued because they could not meet the range requirement and required much longer to research than the deadline allowed (Sperling, 1996). These are architectural innovations as they reconfigure the power source of the vehicle and no longer use an internal combustion engine. Such innovations would have been better at meeting objectives as they required little or no oil and emitted far less greenhouse gases. The only option available to the automobile manufacturers was a hybrid electric vehicle. A product and modular innovation over internal combustion engines as they use a regular internal combustion engine in partnership with one or more electric motors (Toyota, 2009). The hybrid electric vehicle was originally created in 1899 by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche (Truett, 2006), which makes the hybrid the big three manufacturers created was an incremental innovation on Porsches hybrid vehicle as their version was an enhancement of an existing technology. In the end no vehicles were produced which could meet all the requirements (Washington Times, 2009) so it could be seen as a failure. However many incremental innovations were created because of this partnership. Examples are, all of todays hybrid vehicles use some battery technology that was created in PNGV (Business Week, 2006), and DaimlerChrysler made large strides in technology which makes vehicles lighter, up to 46% lighter than conventional vehicles which they use in their latest models (Vasilash, 2000). Overall PNGV was a political factor affecting innovation because it was initiated by the government. This caused market pull on innovation in the automotive sector as the innovation was being carried out to meet a specific need. A marketing pull is when a stimulus of innovation comes from the needs of the society or from a particular sector of the market (Open University, ND).This political factor was caused by environmental, social and economical elements. Even though the government wanted to free themselves from the need on foreign oil the conflicting objectives of the partnership did not allow pursuit of architectural innovations which would have allowed this but many useful incremental innovations did come out of the partnership. 4. FREEDOM CAR PROGRAM Due to the failure of PNGV the U.S government created the FreedomCAR program (FreedomCAR, 2002). This program is a partnership between the U.S government, USCAR and five major energy companies (Green Car Congress, 2008). The program is based on the following principles: Freedom from dependence on imported oil. Freedom from pollutant emissions Freedom for Americans to choose the kind of vehicle they want to drive, to drive where they want and when they want. Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009) The program is based on similar economic, social and environmental issues as PNGV however the latter 2 principles are further social factors that caused the creation of FreedomCAR. The long term focus of the program is to see whether hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can become the norm in the U.S by 2015 (Green Car Congress, 2005), this is because as previously explained the vehicles are an architectural innovation that do not require oil and produces no harmful emissions. The short term focus is to make internal combustion vehicles and electric hybrid vehicles as efficient and environmentally friendly as possible (Green Car Congress, 2005). In terms of innovation in the automotive industry, the partnership is exploring research in a wide range of areas from creating lithium ion batteries for use in vehicles to making carbon fibre much cheaper to produce (Business Week, 2006). These are incremental innovations as they are improvement on existing technology and so it may seem that they are not pursuing the long term focus of the partnership but these incremental innovations are required to make the architectural innovation possible (Business week, 2006). Just like PNGV, FreedomCAR is a political element that is having an effect on innovation in the automotive industry as it was created by the government because of several economic, social and environmental issues. The difference between the two programs is that FreedomCAR lacks restrictive deadlines and its main focus is architectural innovation which will hopefully meet the principles set. 5. CAR EMMISSIONS Car emissions have become an increasingly important issue for car owners and reducing individuals carbon footprints. Buying smaller cars have been encouraged to car owners by the media and many politicians. (Quirk, 2008) The European Union is trying to reduce the CO2 emissions from cars and also improve their fuel efficiency which led to the creation of the ACEA agreement. The agreement is between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), and the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA). The table below shows how these targets can change into fuel efficiency standards for petrol and diesel cars according to the ACEA agreement. Relationships between CO2 targets and fuel consumption Year Target Petrol (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) Diesel (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) 2012 120 gCO2/km 5.1 4.6 2008 140 gCO2/km 5.9 5.4 A failure for the car industry to meet the 2008/9 targets could lead to mandatory regulation in the future (Rajagopalan Saini 2007). For example BMW has built the Mini Cooper Diesel which meets the targets set above as they are below the criteria, making it an efficient car of its time. 64mpg is the cars combined fuel consumption and 104g/km of carbon dioxide is emitted. The 5-series saloon is also achieving these quality emissions where the 2.0 litre diesel version emits just 136g/km about the same as a hatchback. (Quirk, 2008) The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Trades chief executive said that average emissions have fallen every year during the last decade. Through technological innovation and consumer education, manufacturers have made genuine progress towards meeting tough environmental targets, (Young, 2009) Several manufacturers including Saab think the solution to reducing vehicle emissions is through the use of Flex-fuel cars or bio powered cars. These types of vehicles can run on emissions free E85 ethanol or petrol or a combination of the two (Quirk, 2008) Flexible fuel vehicles have been in production since the 1980s and have been made available to many customers who might not even know they have this type of engine in their car. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009). Flexible fuel vehicles do not experience any loss of performance when using E85 ethanol. However, since a gallon of ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline, flexible fuel vehicles typically get about 20-30% fewer miles per gallon when fuelled with E85. U.S Department of Energy (2009). Flexible fuel vehicles are an incremental innovation on regular internal combustion engine vehicles as most of the technology is the same. The only difference is that they can run on a different type of fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles produce no harmful emissions so they will help meet emissions targets but first consumers need to switch to using e85 ethanol and this will only happen if the price of e85 is not high as it has lower fuel efficiency than petrol. E85 ethanol is still some way off from being readily made available to the public because there is a lack in the number of refineries to create the fuel and pumping stations to provide it. (Quirk, 2008). Flexible fuel cars are in the fluid phase of the Abernathy and Utterback model (see Appendix 3 for full definition) as a core component (the e85 ethanol fuel) is not widely available. This lack of availability of the fuel is also slowing the innovation of flexible fuel vehicles as the fuel is not there to run flexible fuel vehicles so the vehicle manufacturers are not going to put their full effort into improving the technology. 6. CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY CAR INNOVATIONS There have been many road accidents and the main contributors to these are alcohol and careless driving. To discourage drink-driving there have been many campaigns to reduce the number of casualties from road accidents. (National Statistics, 2009). In recent years there has been an increase in accidents involving alcohol compared to a sharp fall in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. In 1986, 560 people were killed compared to 1000 people in 2000. (See Appendix 2 for full statistics) (National Statistics, 2009). Also according to Volvo, driver sleepiness is responsible for more road deaths than alcohol. In Germany, it is thought to account for a quarter of all fatal accidents and in the US about 1,500 deaths a year. (Automotive Engineer, 2006).This has therefore meant that car manufacturers have created innovations to help prevent these from happening again such as: Volvo has created the collision warning system to help prevent accidents from occurring. This system uses a wide angle sensor to scan around the car for any objects that may be near much like radar technology. A signal alerts the driver to react, if for example the car is approaching a pedestrian which will give the driver enough time to divert the vehicle away from the pedestrian (Quirk, 2008). To help lower alcohol related accidents Saab has created the Alco-Key. Saab has begun fitting this device as standard in their cars; it is a fully integrated system that requests the driver to blow into a wireless hand-held unit before driving the car. Their breath is then analysed and if the blood-alcohol limit is exceeded, a red LED will appear and the engine will not start (Quirk, 2008). Volvo has introduced the Sleep Detection system which includes Lane Departure Warning (LDW) and Driver Alert Control (DAC). LDW uses cameras located between the windscreen and the rear view mirror and monitors the cars position between the road markings. Only after a certain speed is reached does the system become active, if the car then wanders across any lane markings without using an indicator, the driver is audibly alerted (Quirk, 2008). These creations are product innovations as they are new innovations that car manufacturers have created and offer with their vehicles. The fact they have been produced as a response to help prevent alcohol related accidents, which is a social factor, makes them a response to a market pull. The fact that the Alco-key is the first system that prevents drinking driving could lead to Saab gaining the first mover advantage, if such technology was to become mandatory. This advantage would be kept through the fact Saab has a patent on the technology (Free Patents Online, 2009) and a patent prevents other companies from using the technology without Saabs permission. 7. THE KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol was an international agreement originally created in 1997 but in 2005 it was made legally binding, and is linked to the United Nations Framework of Climate Control. The agreement set targets for industrialised countries to cut their emission of harmful greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, plus several others) which are partially the cause of the increase of global warming. The countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to set their own targets e.g. Japan agreed to meet a 5% cut in emissions by 2008-2012 and most EU countries agreed to an 8% cut (BBC, 2005). Carbon dioxide is created by internal combustion engine vehicles and given off from their exhaust; therefore its a cause of global warming. To meet the targets agreed, governments and automobile manufacturers need to work together. In 2007, the Japanese government agreed to spend 200 billion yen on the improvement of hybrid vehicles to lower their emissions (Reuters, 2007) as HEVs emit less harmful gases than a petrol engine (What Green Car, 2009). Also in Japan, Toyota has achieved its target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, from 2.12 million to 1.78 million tons. It did this through decreasing their energy usage by 40% and replacing multiple production lines with single lines capable of producing different vehicles (I. Rowley, 2005). The change in their use of production lines which increased efficiency is a process innovation as it is a change in the way the vehicles were created. Both of the above examples are market pulls on innovation for the fact the change is a response to a market/government requirement. The Kyoto Protocol is a political factor based on an environmental factor (global warming), having an effect on innovation as the governments in many countries are trying to adhere to it and to adhere to it requires the government to intervene change the vehicles that the automobile industry produces and the way they are produced. 8. CONCLUSION It is clear that out of the PESTLE factors, the main one which is having the greatest effect on innovation in the automobile industry is political. Many governments are concerned about global warming and it is the automotive industry which is adding to worsening of the effects of global warming through the emissions of their vehicles and their manufacturing plants. This has led to governments to intervene in the automotive industry to make vehicle manufacturers improve their own vehicles and facilities, through innovations which have mostly been incremental. However FreedomCAR looks promising for the environment as it is hoping to create an architectural innovation, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that have little impact on the environment, and help meet the governments reason for creating these market pulls on innovation. It also lacks the restrictive deadlines and conflicting objectives that PNGV had which will help increase the programs chance of success. So it may be political fa ctors that are having a direct affect on innovation but these political influences are mainly based environmental factors. Social aspects are also having an affect on innovation through the improvement of safety of the vehicles that are produced. The increase in the number of accidents and alcohol related accidents has led to a market pull on innovation for vehicle manufacturers, as they have created these improvements in safety due to this increase. As it is the political factors that are directly influencing the innovations that manufacturers create, means they are not doing it in response to the environmental factors themselves. This means the automotive industry are not wanting to help lower their affect on the environment even though it is them adding to global warming. 9. RECOMMENDATIONS This report shows that the vehicle manufacturers have only begun being environmentally concerned because of political factors their having on the industry. We would recommend that the manufacturers start thinking in a more environmentally friendly manner e.g. by investing in new machinery and production facilities similar to those of Toyota which emit lower carbon emissions. Another recommendation is the manufacturers start to create more flexible fuel vehicles and promote their availability which will increase the likeliness that consumers will switch to them. But also for consumers to switch will require that more refineries which can produce the e85 ethanol needed for the vehicles to be created. Also the price of the fuel will need to regulate as to prevent it from being too high as consumers may decide not to use e85 for the fact it has a lower fuel efficiency than petrol. 10. APPENDIX Appendix 1 Diagram showing the structure of PNGV. APPENDIX 2 Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 United Kingdom Thousands Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 ThousandsSeriousSlightAllFatalinjuriesinjuriescasualties 1986United Kingdom 1.03 6.57 19.60 27.20 1987 0.93 6.01 17.99 24.93 1988 0.81 5.18 17.25 23.24 1989 0.84 4.92 17.05 22.81 1990 0.80 4.23 16.01 21.04 1991 0.69 3.72 14.00 18.41 1992 0.69 3.40 13.28 17.37 1993 0.57 2.82 12.25 15.63 1994 0.54 2.95 12.26 15.75 1995 0.56 3.10 12.89 16.56 1996 0.60 3.13 13.93 17.67 1997 0.57 3.07 13.90 17.55 1998 0.49 2.68 13.25 16.42 1999 0.48 2.60 14.64 17.72 2000 0.56 2.71 15.75 19.02 Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary National Statistics (2009) Appendix 3 The Abernathy and Utterback model says that technology can be in 3 different phases, fluid, transitional or specific. Fluid Many uncertainties with the technology and in the market prevail. Large amounts of experimentation going on with the technology and core components are not fully available/developed. Very few competitors. Transitional Firms are learning more about the technology and a dominant design has been accepted by many of the competing firms. Specific Companies are creating incremental innovation on the dominant design and are targeting specific market segments (Innovation Zen, 2006)